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guides:land_nav [2017/04/21 14:40] thendash |
guides:land_nav [2017/04/21 17:17] thendash added movement section |
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~~Title: Land Navigation~~ | ~~Title: Land Navigation~~ | ||
- | ===== LAND NAVIGATION ===== | + | ===== LAND NAVIGATION(WIP) ===== |
By: Thendash | By: Thendash | ||
Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
**Symbols** | **Symbols** | ||
- | {{ :guides:legend-for-arma-3-map.gif?direct&300|}} | + | {{ :guides:legend-for-arma-3-map.gif?direct&300|Click to view full size}} |
Because it is often not practical to show certain objects at scale on a map, or because more information than just the shape and size of | Because it is often not practical to show certain objects at scale on a map, or because more information than just the shape and size of | ||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
**Reading a grid** | **Reading a grid** | ||
+ | {{ :guides:gridref.png?direct&250|Click to view full size}} | ||
It is easy to read 2, 4, and 6 digit grid references from the ARMA map because the map scales as you zoom in and out, but you can read a | It is easy to read 2, 4, and 6 digit grid references from the ARMA map because the map scales as you zoom in and out, but you can read a | ||
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Contour lines never intersect because any point on a contour line is at the same elevation above or below sea level. | Contour lines never intersect because any point on a contour line is at the same elevation above or below sea level. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== EQUIPMENT ===== | ||
+ | ==== COMPASS ==== | ||
+ | {{ :guides:compass.png?direct&250|Click to view full size}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The compass is a tool used to measure direction. The version modeled in ARMA is a lensatic compass with both degree and milliradian | ||
+ | markings. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Measuring Direction** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Typically we measure direction either generally using the cardinal directions, or more precise using degrees. Mils are not often used in | ||
+ | ARMA. | ||
+ | - **Cardinal Direction:** The four cardinal directions are displayed on the center of the compass ring and allow for quick reference of general direction. | ||
+ | - **Bearing Degrees:** The inner ring of the compass shows degrees printed every ten degrees and a hash mark every five degrees. There are 360 degrees. | ||
+ | - **Bearing Mils:** The outer ring of the compass shows mils printed every 200 mils, large hash mark every 100 mils, and a small hash mark every 20 mils. There are 6400 mils. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== MAP TOOLS ==== | ||
+ | The ACE3 MapTool is currently broken. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== DAGR ==== | ||
===== NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES ===== | ===== NAVIGATION TECHNIQUES ===== | ||
- | ==== EQUIPMENT ==== | + | ==== BEARING ==== |
+ | Technically //azimuth// is the proper term, but the term //bearing// is commonly used to refer to the direction to an object or location | ||
+ | in relation to magnetic North. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In ARMA we do not need to worry about the difference between magnetic bearings measured with a compass, and grid bearings measured on the | ||
+ | map. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Taking a Bearing** | ||
+ | |||
+ | To measure a bearing from your current location to a visible object: | ||
+ | - Line up the //sighting wire// on your compass with the object | ||
+ | - Read the bearing in degrees where the //index line// intersects with the //inner ring.// | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Back Bearing** | ||
+ | |||
+ | A back bearing is the opposite direction of a bearing. It is commonly required for use during land navigation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | To convert a bearing into a back bearing: | ||
+ | * **Add 180 degrees** if the bearing is **180 degrees or less** | ||
+ | * **Subtract 180 degrees** if the bearing is **180 degrees or greater** | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== LOCATION ==== | ||
+ | **INTERSECTION** | ||
+ | {{ :guides:intersection.png?direct&250|Click to view full size}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Intersection is the **location of an unknown point** by successively occupying at least two known positions on the ground and then map | ||
+ | sighting on the unknown location. It is not often used in ARMA, but can be used to locate the position of an otherwise inaccessible | ||
+ | location. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Steps:** | ||
+ | - Measure the direction to the target from known location 1. | ||
+ | - Draw the bearing from known location 1. | ||
+ | - Move, or communicate with someone at a different known location. | ||
+ | - Measure the direction to the target from known location 2. | ||
+ | - Draw the bearing from the known location 2. | ||
+ | - (Optional)Repeat from subsequent known locations as desired. | ||
+ | - The intersection of the drawn bearings is the location of the target. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **RESECTION** | ||
+ | {{ :guides:resection.png?direct&250|Click to view full size}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Resection is the method of locating your **own position** using at least two well defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map. | ||
+ | The more locations available, the more accurately you can locate your position. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Steps:** | ||
+ | - Identify two or thee known distant locations and mark them on the map as accurately as possible. | ||
+ | - Take a bearing to location 1. | ||
+ | - Convert the bearing into a back bearing. | ||
+ | - Draw the back bearing from location 1 on the map. | ||
+ | - Repeat for other locations. | ||
+ | - The intersection of the drawn bearings is your location. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **MODIFIED RESECTION** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Modified resection is the method of locating your **own position** when you are located on a linear feature, such as a road or stream. | ||
+ | It is easier and quicker than regular resection as it only requires one bearing to be taken. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Steps:** | ||
+ | - Identify a known distant location and mark it on the map as accurately as possible. | ||
+ | - Take a bearing to the location. | ||
+ | - Convert the bearing into a back bearing. | ||
+ | - Draw the back bearing from the location on the map, stopping when it intersects with the linear feature at your location. | ||
+ | - The point where the drawn bearing meets the linear feature is your location. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **POLAR COORDINATES** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Polar coordinates is a method of locating an **unknown position** from a known position using direction and distance to the target. | ||
+ | It is often used in ARMA for locating targets for artillery. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Steps:** | ||
+ | - Take a bearing to the target. | ||
+ | - Estimate/Determine distance to the target. | ||
+ | - Draw the bearing from your location on the map. | ||
+ | - Measure the determined range on the drawn bearing. | ||
+ | - The range on the drawn bearing is the location of the target. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== MOVEMENT AND ROUTE SELECTION ===== | ||
+ | ==== ROUTE SELECTION ==== | ||
+ | One key to success in a mission is the ability to move undetected to the objective in a timely fashion. | ||
+ | There are four steps to tactical land navigation: | ||
+ | - Know where you are | ||
+ | - Plan the route | ||
+ | - Stay on the route | ||
+ | - Recognize the objective | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Know Where You Are** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Finding your location using a compass and map was covered in the previous section. Although those techniques will allow you to accurately | ||
+ | determine your location, sometimes you do not have the time or terrain features required to employ those techniques. | ||
+ | Instead, sometimes you must estimate your location by relying on your ability to read the map and determining | ||
+ | your location via less specific terrain features such as forest edges or slopes of hills. | ||
+ | |||
+ | You will be the most successful if you are able to keep in mind your location in relation to: | ||
+ | * Direction of travel | ||
+ | * Direction and distance to objective | ||
+ | * Landmarks in the objective area | ||
+ | * Impassable terrain, the enemy, and danger areas | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Plan the Route** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Depending on the size of the unity and length and type of movement to be conducted, several factors should be considered in selecting a good route: | ||
+ | * Travel time | ||
+ | * Travel distance | ||
+ | * Maneuver room required | ||
+ | * Traffic | ||
+ | * Stamina | ||
+ | * Tactical considerations | ||
+ | * Ease of support | ||
+ | * Enemy locations | ||
+ | * Availability of good landmarks | ||
+ | * Availability of good checkpoints | ||
+ | |||
+ | Availability of good landmarks is especially important during night operations and/or with lack of GPS. They should be prominent and easily | ||
+ | recognized natural or man made features such as, mountains or buildings. Following a valley floor or moving near the crest of a ridgeline | ||
+ | generally provides for easy navigation. It is best to follow terrain features rather than fight them. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The best checkpoints are linear features that cross the planned route. Checkpoints located at points where the route changes direction mark | ||
+ | **decision points** and are especially important and therefore should be selected in order to be easily recognized. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Stay on the Route** | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order to know that you are still on the correct route, you must be able to compare the evidence you encounter as you move according to | ||
+ | the plan you developed on the map when you selected your route. This may include watching your compass reading (dead reckoning) or | ||
+ | recognizing various checkpoints or landmarks from the map in their anticipated positions and sequences as you pass them (terrain | ||
+ | association). The best way is to use a combination of both. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Recognize the Objective** | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is often important to move stealthily once near the objective. Therefore it is important to select a route checkpoint near to the objective | ||
+ | that you can easily recognize as being the beginning of the objective area. You should take care to carefully plan the final legs of the | ||
+ | route from this checkpoint forward, take special care determining distances and directions of travel. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== MOVEMENT==== | ||
+ | Staying on route is accomplished through the use of two navigation techniques, dead reckoning and terrain association. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **DEAD RECKONING** | ||
+ | |||
+ | **TERRAIN ASSOCIATION** | ||
+ |